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The Cinema of China is one of three distinct historical threads of Chinese-language cinema together with the Cinema of Hong Kong and the Cinema of Taiwan. Cinema was introduced in China in 1896 and the first Chinese film, ''The Battle of Dingjunshan'', was made in 1905, with the film industry being centered on Shanghai in the first decades. The first sound film, ''Sing-Song Girl Red Peony'', using the sound-on-disc technology, was made in 1931. The 1930s, considered the first "golden period" of Chinese cinema, saw the advent of the Leftist cinematic movement and the dispute between Nationalists and Communists was reflected in the films produced. After the Japanese invasion of China and the occupation of Shanghai, the industry in the city was severely curtailed, with filmmakers moving to Hong Kong, Chongqing and other places, starting a "Solitary Island" period in Shanghai, referring to the city's foreign concessions, with the remaining filmmakers working there. ''Princess Iron Fan'' (1941), the first Chinese animated feature film, was released at the end of this period. After being completely engulfed by the occupation in 1941, and until the end of the war in 1945, the film industry in the city was under Japanese control. After the end of the war, a second golden age took place, with production in Shanghai resuming, with films such as ''Spring in a Small Town'' (1948), named the best Chinese-language film at the 24th Hong Kong Film Awards. After the communist revolution in 1949, previous and some foreign films were banned in 1951, and movie attendance increased sharply. During the Cultural Revolution, the film industry was severely restricted, coming almost to a standstill from 1967 to 1972. The industry flourished following the end of the Cultural Revolution, including the "scar dramas" of the 1980s, such as ''Evening Rain'' (1980), ''Legend of Tianyun Mountain'' (1980) and ''Hibiscus Town'' (1986), depicting the emotional traumas left by the period. Starting in the mid to late 1980s, with films such as ''One and Eight'' (1983) and ''Yellow Earth'' (1984), the rise of the Fifth Generation brought increased popularity to Chinese cinema abroad, especially among Western arthouse audiences, with films like ''Red Sorghum'' (1987), ''The Story of Qiu Ju'' (1992) and ''Farewell My Concubine'' (1993) winning major international awards. The movement partially ended after the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. The post-1990 period saw the rise of the Sixth Generation and post-Sixth Generation, both mostly making films outside of the main Chinese film system and played mostly on the international film festival circuit. Following the international commercial success of films such as ''Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon'' (2000) and ''Hero'' (2002), the number of co-productions in Chinese-language cinema has increased and there has been a movement of Chinese-language cinema into a domain of large scale international influence. After ''The Dream Factory'' (1997) demonstrated the viability of the commercial model, and with the growth of the Chinese box office, Chinese films have broken box office records and, as of September 2015, 5 of the top 10 highest-grossing films in China are domestic productions. ''Lost in Thailand'' (2012) was the first Chinese film to reach at the Chinese box office and ''Monster Hunt'' (2015) is currently the highest grossing Chinese film in the domestic market and worldwide and the first to reach . China is the home of the largest film studio in the world, the Hengdian World Studios, and in 2010 it had the third largest film industry by number of feature films produced annually. In 2012 the country became the second-largest market in the world by box office receipts. In 2014, the gross box office in China was ¥29.6 billion (US$4.82 billion), with domestic films having a share of 55%. The country is predicted to have the largest market in the world in 2017 or 2018. China has also become a major hub of business for Hollywood studios. ==The Beginnings== Motion pictures were introduced to China in 1896. The first recorded screening of a motion picture in China occurred in Shanghai on August 11, 1896, as an "act" on a variety bill.〔Berry, Chris. "China Before 1949", in ''The Oxford History of World Cinema'', edited by Geoffrey Nowell-Smith (1997). Oxford: Oxford University Press, p. 409.〕 The first Chinese film, a recording of the Peking opera, ''The Battle of Dingjunshan'', was made in November 1905 in Beijing. For the next decade the production companies were mainly foreign-owned, and the domestic film industry was centered on Shanghai, a thriving entrepot and the largest city in the Far East. In 1913, the first independent Chinese screenplay, ''The Difficult Couple'', was filmed in Shanghai by Zheng Zhengqiu and Zhang Shichuan. Zhang Shichuan then set up the first Chinese-owned film production company in 1916. The first truly successful home-grown feature film was ''Yan Ruisheng'' (閻瑞生) released in 1921. During the 1920s film technicians from the United States trained Chinese technicians in Shanghai, and American influence continued to be felt there for the next two decades.〔 It was during this period that some of the more important production companies first came into being, notably Mingxing ("Star") and the Shaw brothers' Tianyi ("Unique"). Mingxing, founded by Zheng Zhengqiu and Zhang Shichuan in 1922, initially focused on comic shorts, including the oldest surviving complete Chinese film, ''Laborer's Love'' (1922).〔(【引用サイトリンク】A Brief History of Chinese Film )〕〔Berry, Chris. "China Before 1949", in ''The Oxford History of World Cinema'', edited by Geoffrey Nowell-Smith (1997). Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 409–410.〕 This soon shifted, however, to feature-length films and family dramas including ''Orphan Rescues Grandfather'' (1923).〔 Meanwhile, Tianyi shifted their model towards folklore dramas, and also pushed into foreign markets; their film ''White Snake'' (1926) proved a typical example of their success in the Chinese communities of Southeast Asia.〔 In 1931, the first Chinese sound film ''Sing-Song Girl Red Peony'' was made, the product of a cooperation between the Mingxing Film Company's image production and Pathé Frères's sound technology. However, the sound was disc-recorded, and the first sound-on-film talkie made in China was either ''Spring on Stage'' (歌場春色) by Tianyi, or ''Clear Sky After Storm'' by Great China Studio and Jinan Studio. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Cinema of China」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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